高考常见名词后缀,名词后缀高考

1.浅谈高考英语词汇记忆的几种方法

2.关于“what + 名词”结构的详细用法？

3.高考英语语法填空的技巧和方法

4.whether和if引导名词性从句时的区别

5.高考英语语法复习系列讲座-名词性从句

6.名词性从句问题 在名词性从句中,哪些引导词可以省略呢?哪些不可以?

词根词缀学英语单词是很好的方法，下面是初中英语单词构词法前缀后缀词汇一览表。

前缀 例词 派生词

un- ?不? happy unhappy

like unlike

usual unusual

friendly unfriendly

im-?不? possible impossible

后缀 例词 派生词

-er?人? teach teacher

play player

clean cleaner

drive driver

（以e结尾，-r）

run runner

（重读闭音节，双写-er)

win winner

travel traveller

-or?人? invent inventor

visit visitor

-ly（副词后缀） bad badly

quick quickly

careful carefully

happy happily

deep deeply

lucky luckily

usual usually

noisy noisily

slow slowly

angry angrily

strong strongly

quiet quietly

特例：true truly

terrible terribly

possible possibly

-ful（形容词后缀） care careful

help helpful

use useful

forget forgetful

-y （形容词后缀） rain rainy

luck lucky

cloud cloudy

noise noisy

（以e结尾，去e，加-y）

snow snowy

sun sunny

（双写，加-y）

wind windy

-ion（名词后缀） invent invention

operate operation

-ness（名词后缀） busy business

good goodness

一些特例：

动词－－－形容词

sleep asleep

die dead

enjoy enjoyable

动词－－－现在分词转化为名词

boat boating

build building

begin beginning

cross crossing

meet meeting

turn turning

名词－－－形容词

friend friendly

south southern

wool woolen

danger dangerous

difference different

fry fried

worry worried

动词－－－过去分词转为形容词

break broken

lose lost please pleased

colour coloured

动词－－－名词

know knowledge

fly flight

please pleasure

名词－－－名词

farmfarmer 农夫

动词－－－现在分词、过去分词转为形容词

follow following

interest interested?感兴趣的? 只作表语，

仅用于be interested in

interesting ?有趣的?

可作表语 和定语

develop developed ?发达的?

developing ?发展中的?

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浅谈高考英语词汇记忆的几种方法

形容词和副词

　一、考点聚焦

　形容词、副词的作用与位置：形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或

　句子之首。

　第一节：形容词

　1、形容词的定义：形容词简称adv. 形容词简称adv.修饰v. adj.，其他adv.或全句的词，v.，adv.或全句的词修饰v.，adj.，其他adv.或全句的词，表示时间，地点，程度，方式等。表示时间，地

　点，程度，方式等。

　2、复合形容词的构成

　(1)形容词+ 名词+ ed kind-hearted 好心的，white-haired 白发的

　(2)形容词+ 形容词red-hot 炽热的，dark-blue 深蓝的

　(3)形容词+ 现在分词good-looking 好看的，easy-going 随和的

　(4)副词+ 现在分词hard-working 勤劳的，fast-moving 快速转动的

　(5)副词+ 过去分词hard-won 得来不易的，newly-made 新建的

　(6)名词+ 形容词life-long 终生的，world-famous 世界闻名的

　(7)名词+ 现在分词peace-loving 爱好和平的，fun-loving 爱开玩笑的

　(8)名词+ 过去分词snow-covered 白雪覆盖的，hand-made 手工的

　(9)数词+ 名词+ ed four-storeyed 4 层楼的，three-legged 3 条腿的

　(10)数词+ 名词(名词用单数)ten-year 10 年的，two-man 两人的

　第二节：副词

　什么是副词?

　指出句中的副词：

　1. You are standing near the camera.. Can you move a little farther? a little修饰副词“farther”表示程度 farther修饰动词“move”表示方式

　2. Miss Long usually goes to school by bus. usually修饰动词goes，表示频度、频率

　3. The two old passengers fell into the sea. Unfortunately, neither of them could swim. Unfortunately修饰整个句子

　4. I won’t go with you. It’s much too hot today. much too修饰形容词，表示程度修饰形容词hot，修饰形容词

　高考副词主要考点

　主要题型：选择填空，完形填空，改错

　考点内容：

　1. 副词词义辨析

　(10浙江) Do you think shopping online will ____________ take the place of shopping in stores?

　A.especially B.Frequently C.merely D.finally

　解析：especially 特别，尤其;frequently经常;merely仅仅;finally最终

　根据语境：你认为网上购物最终会替代商场购物吗?

　(10湖北) I wasn’t blaming anyone; I ___________ said errors like this could be avoided.

　A. merely B. mostly C. rarely D. nearly

　解析：mostly 大部分地，通常地;nearly 几乎=almost;rarely 很少地，几乎不;merely 仅仅，只不过

　全句意思：我并没有责怪任何人，我只是说类似这种错误是可以避免的” 说类似这种错误是可以避免的”。

　2. 副词短语与习惯用语辨析

　(09全国) It’s high time you had your hair cut; it’s getting .

　A. too much long B. much too long C. long too much D. too long much

　解析too much+不可数名词 much too+形

　(09天津) It was a nice house, but _______ too small for a family of five.

　A. rarely B. fairly C. rather D. pretty

　解析rather too 稍微，一点

　全句意思：这房子不错，但对于五口之家还是稍微小了点

　(2011全国)It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music, but it is______another to play it well yourself.

　A. quite B. very C. rather D. much

　解析quite another 另一回事

　全句意思：喜欢听好音乐是一回事，但是自己演奏的好又是另一回事

　3. 某些副词的位置

　(10辽宁)We only had $100 and that was _______ to buy a new computer.

　A.nowhere near enough B.near enough nowhere C.enough near nowhere D.near nowhere enough

　辨析enough做副词时，修饰形容词或副词时应该放在被修饰词的后面adj/adv+enough nowhere near是固定短语，意思是“差得远;远不及” ，相当于一个形容词

　4. 短文改错题

　Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family 此处用副词作状语，修饰整个句子

　adv怎么分类?

　◆按意义分类1.普通副词 2.疑问副词 3.连接副词 4.关系副词

　普通副词可分为以下几类副词

　1)时间副词：today今天 yesterday昨天 lately近来，最近 next 下个 如：next Sunday下周日 last…上个 如：last week上周

　确切的时间副词可放句末和句首 They talked with Tom about it yesterday. Yesterday They talked with Tom about it.

　2)频度副词：always总是usually通常often经常，总是，通常 sometimes 有时 seldom/rarely 很少，有时 never 从不 occasionally 偶尔，间或，从不 constantly时常，不断地 frequently

　时常频繁地 行为/实义

　之前：①常位于行为实义之前：He seldom goes to the movies. 放在be动词，助动词和情态动词之后：动词 ②放在动词，助动词和情态动词之后：She is always acting like that.

　3)地点副词： here 这里 there那里 everywhere到处 anywhere任何地方 inside在里面，往里面 outside 在外面，向外面 upstairs 在楼上，往楼上 downstairs 在楼下，往楼下 常放在谓语V之

　后：He went away.

　He lived abroad.

　4)方式副词： slowly慢慢地 happily幸福地，快乐地 hard努力地，艰苦地 quickly快，迅速地 sadly哀伤地，伤心地 quietly悄悄地，安静地 carefully认真地，小心地 properly恰当地，正确地，

　常放在被修饰的V之后

　或放在句末 He ran quickly. I can do it well.

　5)程度副词： very非常 much非常，很 very much很，非常 quite相当，非常，相当,，很 rather相当 little少so这么，那么，如此 too太 enough足够地，充分地 hardly几乎不，简直不，常放在

　被它修饰的adj.，

　adv.或v.之前The book is very good. I almost believed his story.

　6)语气副词：certainly当然 obviously显然地，当然 besides此外luckily/fortunately幸运地, 此外 unlickily/unfortuntely不幸地 语气副词常放句首，修饰全句，语气副词常放句首，修饰全句，表示强调说明，调说明，或表示说话人的语气和态度Unfortunately, he won't be here tomorrow evening.

　adv怎样构成?

　1. 本身为adv.：ago, now, often, very等

　2. 大多数的adv.由adj.加上后缀ly组成 1)一般情况：slow-slowly, bad-badly 2)辅音字母结尾，y改为i再加ly happy-happily, angry-angrily 3)le结尾去掉e加y: single-singly

　3. 有些adv.由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward (s)构成forward(s) backward(s)

　4. 与adj同形的adv.：特别是以下几个：enough足够相当 early早, fast快, 足够 deep深地 high高，向高处 hard努力地，艰苦地 late迟到，晚 wide广阔地

　5. 加ly变副词后意思发生变化的副词 highly非常，高度地 widely广泛地,非常 nearly几乎 lately近来，最近 hard努力地 hardly几乎不 deeply深深地，深刻地 widely广泛地

　某些副词在句中的位置是怎样的?

　1.a. enough足够地、十分地The book is _______enough for you to understand. easy _______ 这本书对你来说完全可以看得懂。They cannot walk ______________

　_______________. fast enough 他们走得不够快。I'm ______ __________ to handle my own affairs. old enough 我已经长大了,可以处理我自己的事情。 b. enough足够的，

　修饰n时也可放在n.后，也可放在n

　前：enough money I have ___________ _____________ to buy the book. 我有足够的钱买着本书。enough chairs We have ___________ _____________ for everyone.

　我们有足够的椅子让大家坐。

　2. a. both, all, often及always等频度副词+实义动词及等频度副词实义动词;b. be动词情态动词助动词both, all, often, always等动词/情态动词助动词+ 动词情态动词/助动词等

　are always

　They _________ _____________ late for school. 他们总是上学迟到。 are both We ________ ____________ students of No. 14 High School. 我俩都是这个班的学生。all

　like They ___________

　_____________playing basketball. 他们全都喜欢打篮球。have both finished We_________ ____________ _____________ our homework.我们俩都完成作业了。

　3. 几个副词在同一个句子中出现的情况：

　1) 谓语v后常出现的副词有表示地点，时间，方式，一般的排列顺序为：程度→方式方式→地点如：时间副词， very hard there We worked _________ ________

　__________ later ___________. 我们在那儿工作很努力。We’re going to have a meeting_________________ in the classroom _______________________. this

　afternoon 今天下午我们将在教室里开会。

　2) 几个时间副词，地点副词作状语时，一般来说时间副词/地点副词作状语时，从小到大排列，如：at five o’clock on the afternoon He was born _________________________ of July 28th, 1994

　___________________. 他出生在1994年7月28号下午五点。 I first met Peter _______________________. in a bookstore in Boston 我第一次见到Peter是在波士顿的一个书店里。

　以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记：

　(1)形容词短语作定语，定语后置。a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high

　(2)表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive 等)作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill 只作表语。sick 既可作表语又可作定语，ill 如作定语意为“bad”。

　(3)用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、any、no、some 和every 构成的复合词如anything、something 等时，通常后置。如：I have something important to tell you.

　(4)else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。

　(5)enough、nearby 修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough 修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。

　(6)几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.

　(7)频度副词如often、always、usually 等在be 动词后，行为动词前。

　(8)副词作定语，定语后置。如：The person there is waiting for you.

　(9)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语(The、A)+ 描绘性形容词+ size (大小)shape + (形状)age + (年龄、时间)color 颜色)origin + (+ (国籍、来源)material + (材料)+

　purpose(目的)+ 名词。如：a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella, the man’s first tow interesting little red French oil paitings

　(10)以-ly 结尾的词性辨析。①下列单词以-ly 结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely 等。②表愿意

　(无-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副词：

　deep 深wide 宽广high 高low 位置低deeply 深入地widely 广泛地highly 高度地lowly 地位卑微③有无-ly 意义大不相同的副词：dead 完全，绝对be dead asleep deadly 非常be deadly tired pretty 相当be pretty certain that… prettily 漂亮地be prettily dressed close 近Don’t sit close. closely 密切地Watch closely! late 晚、迟arrive late, come late lately 最近I haven’t seen him lately(recently).

关于“what + 名词”结构的详细用法？

作者：广西富川瑶族自治县高级中学 罗妃梅 词汇是语言的三大要素之一，是语言的“建筑材料”。词汇量的大小直接影响学生的阅读能力和技巧，而阅读又是高考分值最高的部分，虽然高三学生共学了2000多个英语单词及一定数量的词组和习惯用语，但是按英语高考词汇量的要求还是远远不够的。因此如何能让他们更容易多记词汇就相当的重要了。下面谈谈我的做法。

一、按基本构词法归纳 1.加前缀 dis-,in-,ir-,mis-,un-,im-,表示否定意义。如unimportant,inefficient,irregular ,unfit,impossible等。

2.加后缀-ese,-or,-er,-ian,-ist,-eer等表示人和物。如thinker,writer,speaker,actor等。加后缀-ful,-less,-able,-ive,-ion,-ish,-ous,-ic,-al,-ary等构成形容词。如careful, helpful,snowy,rainy,windy, dirty等。

3.按拼法归类，如may,play,pay,delay,gray,hay, away,way,say等。

4.一些在音、形、义上容易混淆的词归类，如whether-weather,plain-plane,temper-temple,contest-context,float-flow等。

二、按动词的搭配和惯用法归类 将动词与副词、名词及介词等的搭配归纳起来，特别是一些每年高考出现频率较高的词，要重点归纳。如take构成的短语take back,take down,take for,take in,take out,take up,take off,take a day off,take a bus等。

三、按词的语法特点归类 1.带双宾语的动词有give,show,pass,pay,promise,buy等。

2.带宾语＋宾语补足语的动词有call,order,persuade,advise,force,help,find,tell,oblie,forbid,elect,choose,warn等。 3.带宾语＋宾语补足语，不定式不带to的动词有make,let, look at,watch,observe,listen,to,hear,feel,have等。

4.后接动词不定式作宾语的动词有：want,wish,decide,ask,expect,hope,agree,promise,refuse,manage,fail,happen等。

5.后接动名词作宾语的动词有finish,mind,miss,enjoy,escape,avoid,risk,delay,suggest,advise等。

6.后接动名词或不定式作宾语有区别的动词有like,stop,remember,forget,hate,regret,try,mean等。

7.用进行时表示将来时的动词有go,come,start,leave,arrive,fly,drive,move等表示移动的动词。

8.接从句须否定转移的动词有believe,think,suppose,expect,imagine,guess等。

9.接从句须用(should)＋动词原形的动词有suggest,insist,demand,order,propose,command,request,desire,require等。

10.用过去完成时表示本想做而又未曾实现的希望、打算、意图的动词有want,plan,hope,think,expect,intend,mean等。

11.从实义动词借来的连系动词有seem,look,become,get,grow,feel,turn等。

四、联想记忆

（一）意义联想

美国记忆大师哈利罗来因认为，记忆的基本规律就是把新的信息和已知信息进行联系，通过想象，联想的越新奇、生动、有趣，就越容易记住。中学生有丰富的想象力，教师要引导学生发挥联想和想象，把有些单词放到一定的语言组合中去记忆。如由board一词可想到blackboard(黑板)。board之意为“木板”，联想到古代船舶“甲板”是由“木板”做的，所以board又有甲板之意，由“甲板”再联想到“上船”，由“上船”又可联想到“上车，上飞机”。

（二）创造联想

如单词hurricane，可创造联想为“你得赶快(hurri——hurry)，才能(can)在飓风(hurricane)中逃逸(e) ”。这样创造联想可以增加学习趣味，增强记忆效果。

（三）近义联想

就是由一个词想起另一个词，由当前正在学习的新知识想起曾经学过的旧知识。如look, 表示“看起来”时，是个感官系动词，看到它，就应联想到sound (听起来)，smell（闻起来），taste（尝起来）等。又如，从 see sb do,see sb doing sth 启发学生联想watch,notice,hear,等用法。

五.字母换位法 字母换位法就是通过变换所及单词中某些字母的顺序,使之成为自己熟悉的单词,从而进行快速记忆。如doom 熟化处理为 mood ，可联想串联为当“厄运”到来时心情（mood）也随之颠倒。

如果说前面所讲的具体记忆方法属于战术技巧, 高效复习则是背单词必须把握的的战略方针,即记忆方法灵活不拘一格,哪种方式有效就采用哪种。只要坚持利用以上方法就能使你摆脱“机械记忆”的桎梏，让你的单词记忆插上飞翔的翅膀!

高考英语语法填空的技巧和方法

关系型“what+名词”结构是英语中一个十分有用的结构,也是一个比较难理解的结构,尤其是当阅读中遇到涉及该结构的复杂句子时,若不能正确理解,往往会步入误区.

一、该结构的两个用法特点

1.特指性.即其中的名词表示特指意义,此时的what 在用法上大致相当于the.如：

I will give you what help I can.

=I will give you the help I can.我会尽我的力量帮助你.

What possessions I have are yours.

=The possessions I have are yours.我所有的财产都是你的.

注：单独使用的what也往往具有特指性,而加了后缀-ever的whatever则往往具有非特指性.如：

I took what was on the kitchen table.我拿了厨房桌子上的东西.(what=that which)

I’ll send whatever is necessary.我将寄来所有需要的东西.(whatever= anything that)

2.微量性.即这样用的what除表示特指外,有时还含“量不多”之意.将“特指性”和“微量性”结合起来,该结构的意思就是“虽不多,但全部”,有时可译为“仅有”.如：

I gave them what money I had.我把我仅有的钱都给了他们.

=I gave them the money I had,although I did not have much.我的钱虽不多,但我把这些钱都给了他们.

What friends Mary has are out of the country.玛丽仅有的几个朋友都在国外.

=The few friends Mary has are out of the country.玛丽仅有的几个朋友都在国外.

He collected what information he could find.他搜集自己所能找到的仅有的一些信息.

He collected the little information he could find.他搜集自己所能找到的仅有的一些信息.

注：该结构并不是总具有这种“微量性”,即有时有,有时没有,到底如何理解,视具体语境而定.

二、微量性的明确与强化

上面讲到“what+名词”结构并不是总具有“微量性”,即有时有,有时没有.如果要想明确或强化这种微量性特点,我们可以在该结构的名词前加上表示微量的修饰语few(用于复数名词前)或little(用于不可数名词前).如：

He spent what little money he had on books.他把仅有的一点钱都用来买书了.

He spent what little time he had writing novels.他把仅有的一点时间都用来写小说.

What little free time he had was spent with the family.他仅有的一点空余时间都是与家人在一起度过的.

What few friends she has are out of the country.她仅有的几个朋友都在国外.

注：由于该结构本身带有“微量性”的特点,所以它从来就不能与表示“多量”的many,much连用.

三、其后所接名词的数

1.后接不可数名词.如：

What money I have will be yours when I die.我一死我的钱就都给你.

What money he has es from his family.他所有的钱都是家里给的.

He saw what food I bought.他看见了我所买的食物.

I’ll give you what help I can.我会尽我所能来帮你.

2.后接可数名词的复数形式.如：

What family and friends I still have live abroad.我现在所有的家人和朋友都住在国外.

注意：接可数名词时,只能用复数,而不用单数.如：

我把我所有的书都给他了.

误：I gave them what book I had.

正：I gave them what books I had.,2,What 只是一个形容词，比喻这个东西并不知道它的份量，多少.....等。

i gave them what money i had 中的what是要突显money.,2,近年来，what引导的名词从句已经是高考考查的热点、重点。一方面由于该结构及意义表现出明显的汉英差异；另一方面，高考在命题时不断使题干结构复杂化，这在很大程度上增加了题目的难度。本文笔者拟结合一些典型考例，落实出what引导名词性从句的用法特点、考点形式，并对该题型的解题思路加以详尽的分析，以利于读者掌握、运用之。

1.考例After Yang Liwei succeeded in c...,2,下面这几句话可以这样理

I gave them what money I had.

我给他们我所有的钱。（I had是money的定语从句）

He collected what information he could find.

他收集他所能找到的所有的信息。（he could find是information的定语从句）

He spent what ...,2,WHAT+名词 是英语的一个结构而已。 这是一个宾语从句。就像： I gave them what money I had 这句话中WHAT后的句子是前面动词GIVE的补足语，说明给他们的是我有的钱。。这样解释明白不？还有那几句也是这样的意思：他收集了他可以发现的信息 他花了他所写小说赚的那点钱

《这样的回答挺累的！，但为了积分加油！》 YUO TOO...,1,关于“what + 名词”结构的详细用法

经常见到下面这样的句子,不知如何理解：

I gave them what money I had.

He collected what information he could find.

He spent what little time he had writing novels.

whether和if引导名词性从句时的区别

具体解析语法填空技巧

技巧一：名词形式变化。名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。

技巧二：动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化（时态、语态、语气），有非谓语的变化（不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词）。

技巧三：代词形式变化。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关。即人称代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形容词性和名词性）、反身代词。还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如no one/none、other/another。指示代词（it 和this）it 用作引导词等。

技巧四：形容词、副词比较级变化。英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀-er 和-est，或在词前加more/less 和most/least，且形容词的绝对最高级还要冠以the。

技巧五：数词形式变化。数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词，或加后缀-teen、-ty 的变化，甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及one/two 的特殊变化形式once/twice。

技巧六：词的派生。词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的，派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。

技巧七：固定短语结构。根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语，但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词结合看才能命中答案。

技巧八：从句引导词。从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向，主要考查学生对各种从句掌握程度。

技巧九：短语动词结构。短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语，此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。

技巧十：介词、短语介词结构。常用的介词有in，at，on，before，during 等，通常考查固定搭配。短语介词即多个词的组合起介词作用的短语，如：except for，due to 等。

技巧十一：连词、关联短语结构。常用的连词有and，or，but，so，for，while 等，常用的关联短语both……and，either……or，neither……nor，not only……but also 等。

技巧十二：冠词无提示词名词之前。冠词只能是在a，an，the之间判断。

技巧十三：上下文中出现的相关词。这是较难的，但也是通过上下文去做题时最有效的方法。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识，填入某个词。

高考英语语法复习系列讲座-名词性从句

whether和if引导名词性从句时的区别

1 or not放在whether之后时，只能用whether不用if。

I don’t know whether or not he will e. 我不知道他是不是回来。

注：如果or not放在whether所引导的从句句尾，则可以用if来替换。

I don’t know whether/if he will e or not. 我不知道他是不是回来。

2 在强调任意选择时，用whether…or，此时不用if替换whether。

He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus. 他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。

注：whether和or一起还有“不管”之意,引导让步状语从句。

Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time. 不管开车来还是乘火车来，他都会准时到。

3 虽引导宾语从句，但为了强调宾语部分，也可把从句放在句首，此时只用whether不用if。

Whether he will e I am not sure.他是不是来我拿不准。

4 从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。

It depends on whether it will be fine. 那得看是不是晴天。

5 作discuss等动词的宾语时，用whether不用if。

We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论是不是该关掉商店。

6 句子中有if引导的条件句，如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句，用whether不用if。

He asked me whether I’d move to New York if I got the job. 他问我如果我得到那份工作是否会搬家到纽约。

7 容易产生歧义时用whether不用if来表示“是否”。

Please let me know if you need help. 如果你需要帮助请告诉我。或：请告诉我你是否需要帮助。

对比：Please let me know if you need help. 请告诉我你是否需要帮助。

8 如果宾语从句为否定句时，则只用if不用whether。

I don’t know if it won't rain tomorrow. 我不知道明天是不是会下雨。

if 和 whether引导名词性从句时的区别

1.whether引导主语从句时，既可以直接位于句首，也可以位于句末；if引导主语从句时只能用于it作形式主语的从句中。

whether we need it is a different matter.

it is a different matter whether(if)we need it.

2.在宾语从句中，当表示“是否”时，whether与if可以互换，但如果从句中有or not 时只能用whether 引导。

i don’t know whether he will e or not.

3.whether引导的从句可以充当介词宾语，if则不行。

i worry about whether i hurt her feelings.

4.whether引导的从句可以作名词的同位语，if则不行。

the question whether we need it has not been decided.

5.可能造成歧义时，用whether而不用if。

please let me know whether you are ing.

请告诉我你是否要来。（whether引导宾语从句）

please let me know if you are ing.

如果你要来，请告诉我。（if引导状语从句）

whether引导名词性从句

if和whether的区别：

1 在动词不定式之前只能用whether .如：

例1 I can’t decide whether to stay.我不能决定是否留下.

2 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中.如：

例2 I want to know whether it’s good news or not .我想知道是否是好消息.

3 在介词后,只能用whether.如：

例3 His father is worried about whether he lose his work .他的父亲担心是否会失去工作.

4宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether .如：

例4 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem .他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题.

5用if会引起歧义时,只用whether.如：

例5 Could you tell me if you know the answer

这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”.如用whether可避免歧义.

what 与that引导名词性从句时的区别啊。

what可以分解为something+that。例如：I don't understand what you said just now.本句的意思是 I don't understand the words that you said just now.that一般跟在先行词后面。例如：Did you see the letter that came today?letter 在句中就是先行词。that在定语从句中作主语不可省略，但作宾语则可省略。例如：Did you get the book(that)I sent you? that在定语从句中作sent的直接宾语所以可以省略。

what 与which在引导名词性从句时的区别

没有太大区别，只是句子意思上的差异，本来两个单词含义是不同的，一个是哪一个 一个是什么，根据含义使用做题完全可以区分

what和that引导名词性从句的区别

what和that均可引导名词性从句中的主语、表语、宾语从句，具体区别如下：

1. what 可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语，意为“什么”或“所…的”，不能省略；而 that 仅起连接作用，本身没有实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略)。如：

He doesn’t know what she likes. 他不知道她喜欢什么。

What you say is quite right. 你所说的相当正确。

I believe (that) he will e to see us. 我相信他会来看我们的。

It’s a pity (that) he didn’t finish college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。

2.that 在名词性从句中可引导同位语从句，但 what 通常不用于引导同位语从句。如：

I had no idea that you were here. 我不知道你在这儿。

记住：在名词性从句中，只要作成分，就用what，不能用that。在定语从句中that是关系代词，做成分；what不能用于定语从句中。

that和what引导名词性从句的区别

that 引导名词性从句时候，从句必须不缺少成分，宾语从句的that 可以省略，表语从句，主语从句的that 不能省了

what 引导名词性从句必须从句缺少主语或者宾语

who能引导名词性从句吗，与what的区别

who可以引导名词性从句，它是疑问代词，意思是“谁”，后面引导的从句用陈述句的语序，如：

No one knows who cheated in the exam.

Do you know who broke the antique vase?

who或whom只有在一些特殊句型里，才作缩合连接代词使用，如：

Who breaks pays.

She could marry whom she likes.

Who is not for us is against us.

希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。

what与that在引导名词性从句是的区别？

What 引导名词性从句时有具体含义，充当成分，不可省略；

e.g.What he wanted was my help.(what充当主语从句中wanted的宾语)

that 引导名词性从句时没有词义，不充当成分，引导宾语从句时可以省略，引导其他名词性从句时通常不省略。

e.g. He believed (that) he could win the match.

名词性从句的引导词

名词性从句引导词的基本用法

下表对高考中常见的名词性从句的引导词进行了总结：

名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况

连接代词： what, which, who, whom, whose

连接副词： when, where, why, how

what, which在从句中作主语、 宾语、 表语或定语； who在从句中作主语、 表语； whom在从句中作宾语； whose在从句中作定语； when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间状语、 地点状语、 原因状语、 方式状语

连词that否

连词whether, if否

名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结：

1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时， 即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词(主要包括when, where, why, how)。注意体会如下例句： Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的。 Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道。 Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了? He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家。 Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题。 Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚。 How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定。

以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注：

(1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……？”的问题， 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词＋关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思， 这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的what”， 注意体会如下例句：He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了。 This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方。 What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界。 Our ine is now double what (=the ine that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍。 The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同。

(2) 带’ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外， 还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter＋疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句， 不可以引导名词性从句)， 注意体会以下例句： Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.无论谁想看这部**， 今晚都可以和我们一起去。 You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人。 All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿， 你愿借哪本就借哪本。 I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么， 我就做什么。

2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句， that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分； 引导宾语从句时that常可省略， 但引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句时that通常不被省略。例如：

She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达。(宾语从句)

That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心。(主语从句)

I have the belief that I will sueed. 我怀有必胜的信念。(同位语从句)

that， what引导名词性从句的区别在于： that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分， 在有的情况下可以省略； what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、 宾语、 表语或者定语， 而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略。例如：

That he will sueed is obvious. 显然， 他会成功。(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)

What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的。(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)

3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句， 且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分。在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换， 但在引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句、 介词后的宾语从句、 放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词。注意体会下列例句： I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你。(宾语从句) Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你， 我还不知道。(位于句首的宾语从句) The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心。(介词后的宾语从句) The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作。(表语从句) The question whether he should e himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来， 这个问题必须定下来。(同位语从句) The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会。(包含or not的宾语从句)

注意： 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引导的宾语从句， 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引导的宾语从句， 例如： I doubt whether it’s true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的。 I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的。 I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实。 She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑。

名词性从句问题 在名词性从句中,哪些引导词可以省略呢?哪些不可以?

语法复习三：名词性从句

在前面我们已经知道了什么是句子.我们可以这样解释什么叫从句:在一个句子的前面加上一个连接词,这个句子就变成了从句.如果这个从句做了主语,它就是主语从句.其它的以此类推.

注: 1.特殊疑问句本身可以做从句,它不需要加连接词.

2.所有的从句要使用陈述语序. 陈述语序: 句子第一个词永远是主语;第二个词可能是情态动词\助动词等加上动词,或者是动词本身.

名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。

名词性从句,顾名思义,它具有名词性.所以可以作主语,宾语等等.回忆一下句子成分那一章

（一）引导名词性从句的连接词

1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。

2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。

3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if, that

（二）主语从句

1、主语从句在复合句作主语。

Who will go is not important.

2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。

It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.

3、that引导主语从句时放在句首时，不能省略。

That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.

实用例句:

Is it true that he will be punished seriously by the headmaster?

Does it make any difference who bought these gifts?

How strange it is that these children are so quiet!

注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether.

（三）表语从句

1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。

The question was who could go there.

2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。

My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.

注意: 表示是否,只能使用whether.

（四）宾语从句

1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。

I hope (that) everything is all right.

2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。

I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..

I’m interested in what you’ve said.

3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。

if和whether区别

①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。

e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.

②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。

e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，

容易当成条件句理解）

③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。

e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.

I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.

④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。

It depends on whether we have enough time.

They don’t know whether to go there.

Please come to see me if you have time. 状语从句

实用例句: 使用it作形式宾语

I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.

He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.

注意: 形式主语和形式宾语只有一个替代词: it

（五）同位语从句

同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。

I have no idea when he will be back.

The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody

一、判断下列各句哪句含有名词性从句，并指出是什么从句：

1. China is no longer what it used to be.

2. The truth that the earth turn around the sun is known to all.

3. It was snowing when he arrived at the station.

4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan is interesting to us all.

5. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.

6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointing.

7. That is where Lu Xun used to live.

8. He spoke as if he understood what he was talking about.

9. Do you remember the teacher who taught us English at middle school?

10. I wonder why she refused my invitation.

参考答案: 1、表语从句；2、同位语从句；3、不是；4、主语从句；5、同位语从句；6、不是；7、表语从句；8、宾语从句；9、不是；10、宾语从句

二、用适当的连词填空：

1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.

2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.

3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation

in such a short time.

4. ____________ we need is more time.

5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting

surprised everybody.

6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.

7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.

8. Is that ____________ you are looking for?

9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is?

10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.

参考答案: 1. which; 2. why; 3. how; 4. What; 5. that; 6. when, where; 7. who(m); 8. what; 9. where; 10. whether

三、选择填空：

1. Do you see _____ I mean?

A. that B./ C. how D. what

key: D 宾语从句 that引导宾语从句无词义,也不作成分.mean是及物动词,必须有宾语.所以不选A; how是副词,也不能作mean的宾语.what I mean, what I did, what I said,等是一个非常重要的名词结构.

2. Tell me_____ is on your mind.

A. that B. what C. which D. why

key: B what is on your mind 是what名词结构．句意：告诉我你的心事．

3. We must stick to _____ we have agreed on.

A. what B. that C. / D. how

key: A

4. Let me see _____.

A. that can I repair the radio B. whether I can repair the radio

C. I can repair the radio D. whether can I repair the radio

key: B 从句使用陈述语序 注意选项C可以看成是省略了that的宾语从句,在语法上来讲它是正确的,但语义不通.

5. Keep in mind _____.

A. that the teacher said B. what did the teacher say

C. that did the teacher say D. what the teacher said

key: D what名词结构作keep宾语.

6. Could you advise me _____?

A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first

C. that book I should read first D. which book I should read first

key: D

7. He was criticized for _____.

A. he had done it B. what he had done

C. what had he done D. that he had done it

key: B

8. Would you kindly tell me _____?

A. how can I get to the Beijing Railway Station

B. how I can get to the Beijing Railway Station

C. where can I get to the Beijing Railway Station

D. whether can I get to the Beijing Railway Station

key: B

9. Mrs. Smith was very much impressed by _____.

A. what had she seen in China B. that she had seen in China

C. what she had seen in China D. which had she seen in China

key: C

10. We took it for granted ___

A. that they were not coming B. that were they not coming

C. they were coming not D. were they not coining

key: A

11. I really don't know _____

A. I should do next B. what should I do next

C. what I should do next D. how I should do next

key: C

12. I'm afraid _____.

A. the little girl will have to be operated on

B. that will the little girl have to operate on

C. the little girl will have to operate on

D. that will the little girl have to be operated on

key: A

13. She walked up to _____ .

A. where did I stand B. where I stood C. I stood there D. where I stood there

key: B where I stood 我站的地方

14. Can you tell me _____?

A. who is that gentleman B. that gentleman is who

C. who that gentleman is D. whom .is that gentleman

key: C 陈述语序

15. We'll give you _____.

A. that do you need B. what do you need

C. whatever you need D. whether do you need

key: C whatever: 1. no matter what 表示让步,副词性 2. anything that ,名词性

如果一个副词性的疑问词加上ever后缀,它只具有副词性.如 whenever=no matter when; however 它是一个很特殊的词: 1.表示转折关系,副词,词义:然而 2.no matter how 无论怎么

16. They want us to know _____ to help us.

A. what can they B. what they can C. how they can D. how can they

key: B what they can (do), what作do的宾语.

17. We must put _____ into practice.

A. what we have learned B. that we have learned

C. that have we learned D. what have we learned

key: A

18. Did she say anything about _____?

A. that the work was to be done B. how was the work to be done

C. that was the work to be done D. how the work was to be done

key: D

19. He was never satisfied with _____.

A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved

C. she had achieved D. that she achieved

key: A

20. These photographs will show you _____.

A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like

C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like

key: B

21. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill.

A. on that B. what C. that D. on which

key: C insist 后面加that从句要用虚拟的形式: should+v, should可省略

22. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation.

A. when B. where C. why D. that

key: D 同上

23. We wish we could have learned _____ when we were at high school.

A. what you did B. that you had done

C. that what you did D. what did you do

key: A

24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when there.

A. what B. that C. which D./

key: A

25. From _____ I should say he is a good worker.

A. what 1 know of him B. that I do know of him

C. what do I know of him D. that do I know of him

key: A

26. I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it.

A. whomever B. anyone C. whoever D. someone

key: C any one who wants to have it

27._____ they will come here hasn't been decided yet.

A. What B. That C . When D. Where

key: C

28. _____ was said here must be kept secret.

A. Who B. The thing C. Whatever D. Where

key: C

29. It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet.

A. if B. that C. what D. when

key: D

30. I'm going anyway. _____ she will go is up to her to decide.

A. If or not B. Whether or not C. If D. That

key: B

31. It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word.

A. that B. what C. why D. how

key: A

32. It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one.

A. what B. that C. why D. where

key: B

33. _____ Mr Zhang said is quite right.

A. That B. When C. What D. Whether

key: C

34. It has been decided _____ he will be sent there.

A. if B. whether C. why D. that

key: D

比较: It hasn't been decided whether he will be sent there.

35. It doesn't matter _____he' s come back or not.

A. if B. whether C. that D. when

key: B

36. It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time.

A. when B. that C. why D. where

key: B

37. It happened _____ I wasn't there that day.

A. when B. why C. where D. that

key: D it happened that... 碰巧...

38._____ you have done might do harm to other people.

A. What B. That C. Which D. The things

key: A

39. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights.

A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who

key: C anyone who

比较: who left the room last is being looked into.

40._____ the 2000 Olympic Games won't be held in Beijing is known to all.

A. Whether B. If C. Whenever D. That

key: D

41. _____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.

A. That B. Whoever C. Whether D. Whether or not

key: B anyone who

42. __ we need more equipment is quite obvious.

A. What B. Whether C. That D. Whatever

key: C

43. Has it been announced _____?

A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off

C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off

key: D

44. That is _____ we all support his idea.

A. what B. why C. where D. when

key: B

45. That’s _____ we should do.

A. that B. what C. how D. why

key: B

46. _____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he said

A. What; that; what B. What; what; what

C. That; that; what D. Why; that; which

key: A

47. Things were not _____ they seemed to be.

A. when B. why C. that D. what

key: D

48. That’s _____ I want to say.

A. all what B. what C. all which D. what that

key: B

49. That’s _____ .

A. where our differences lie B. our differences lie there

C. where do our differences lie D. that where our differences lie

key: A

50. That is _____ .

A. where lived he there B. where did he live

C. where he lived D. that where he lived

key: C

51. The questions is _____.

A. whether is it worth doing B. that if it is worth doing

C. whether it is worth doing D. if it is worth doing

key: C

52. Water will continue to be _____ it is today next in importance to oxygen.

A. how B. which C. what D. as

key: C

53. That's_____.

A. how did I become a teacher B. how I became a teacher

C. how a teacher I became D. that I became a teacher

key: B

54. They are just _____.

A. that what shall I have B. what shall I have

C. that I shall have what D. what I shall have

key: D

55. It looked ____.

A. as if it was going to rain B. that as if it was going to rain

C. as if was it going to rain D. as if that it was going to rain

key: A

56. That's_____.

A. how she did it B. that how did she do it.

C. how did she do it D. what she did it

key: A 注意选项D,多了一个词: it

57. That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off.

A. where B. which C. that D. why

key: D

58. That’s _____ I lived when I was ten years old.

A. where B. at which C. there where D. when

key: A

59. My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them.

A. if B. that C. when that D. that where

key: B

60. The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong.

A. what B. that C. why D. if

key: B

61. We heard the news _____ our team had won.

A. that B. what C. whether D. why

key: A

62. The fact _____ he hadn’t said anything surprised us all.

A. why B. if C. that D. whether

key: C

63.I have no idea _____ she will be back.

A. that B. where C. that when D. when

key: D

64. We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country.

A. whether B. that C. why D. when

key: B

65. They have no idea at all _____.

A. where he has gone B. where did he go

C. where has he gone D. which place he has gone

key: A

名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况　　连接代词： what, which, who, whom, whose　　连接副词： when, where, why, how　　what, which在从句中作主语、 宾语、 表语或定语； who在从句中作主语、 表语； whom在从句中作宾语； whose在从句中作定语； when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间状语、 地点状语、 原因状语、 方式状语　　连词that否　　连词whether, if否　　名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结：　1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时, 即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词(主要包括when, where, why, how).注意体会如下例句： Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的.// Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道.// Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了?// He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家.// Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题.// Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚.// How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定.　　以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注：　(1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……?”的问题, 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词＋关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思, 这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的what”, 注意体会如下例句：He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了.// This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方.// What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界.// Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍.// The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同.　　(2) 带’ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外, 还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter＋疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句, 不可以引导名词性从句), 注意体会以下例句： Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.无论谁想看这部**, 今晚都可以和我们一起去.// You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人.// All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿, 你愿借哪本就借哪本.// I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么, 我就做什么.　　2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句, that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分； 引导宾语从句时that常可省略, 但引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句时that通常不被省略.例如：　She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达.(宾语从句)　　That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心.(主语从句)　　I have the belief that I will succeed. 我怀有必胜的信念.(同位语从句)　　that, what引导名词性从句的区别在于： that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分, 在有的情况下可以省略； what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、 宾语、 表语或者定语, 而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略.例如：　That he will succeed is obvious. 显然, 他会成功.(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)　　What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的.(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)　　3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句, 且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分.在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换, 但在引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句、 介词后的宾语从句、 放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词.注意体会下列例句： I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你.(宾语从句)// Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你, 我还不知道.(位于句首的宾语从句)// The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心.(介词后的宾语从句)// The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作.(表语从句)// The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来, 这个问题必须定下来.(同位语从句)// The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会.(包含or not的宾语从句)　　注意： 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引导的宾语从句, 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引导的宾语从句, 例如： I doubt whether it’s true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的.// I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的.// I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实.// She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑.　　［考题1］ — Could you do me a favor?　　— It depends on ____ it is. (2006北京)　　A. which B. whichever C. what D. whatever　　［答案］ C　　［解析］ 下划线处的引导词引导on后的宾语从句, 并且在该宾语从句中充当表语, 表示疑问句“What is it? (你要我帮的忙是什么?)”的含义.注意： 题干中没有用 “whatever” 进行强调的必要.　　［考题2］ — I think it’s going to be a big problem.　　— Yes, it could be.　　— I wonder ____ we can do about it. (2002北京春)　　A. if B. how C. what D. that　　［答案］ C　　［解析］ 下划线处的引导词引导wonder后的宾语从句并且在该宾语从句中充当do的宾语, if, that引导名词性从句时都不充当名词性从句中的句子成分, how引导名词性从句时充当名词性从句中的方式状语, 因此应排除A、 B、 D而选出C.本题中what we can do about it可以理解为对应于疑问句“What can we do about it?”的名词性从句, what引导的这种名词性从句跟其他疑问词形式的引导词所引导的名词性从句的含义相近.　　［考题3］ You can only be sure of ____ you have at present: you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future. (2007安徽)　　A. that; what B. what; 不填 C. which; that D. 不填; that　　［答案］ B　　［解析］ 第一个下划线处应填入一个可以引导of的宾语从句泛指“你现在所拥有的东西”且在该宾语从句内部充当have的宾语的词, 这样的引导词只能是what, 由此可以直接排除选项A、 C、 D而选出B.　　［考题4］ ____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. (1996)　　A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what　　［答案］ A　　［解析］ 名词性从句what we can’t get和what we have中what都充当宾语, 都属于关系代词型的what, 本身不表示疑问而表示泛指相关的事物； “what we can’t get”相当于包含定语从句的“things that we can’t get”, “what we have”相当于包含定语从句的“things that we have”.　　［考题5］ It is generally considered unwise to give a child ____ he or she wants. (1997)　　A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever　　［答案］ B　　［解析］ whatever在这里的用法跟关系代词型的what一样, 其引导的名词性从句“whatever he or she wants”泛指一个孩子想要的任何东西.　　［考题6］ It was a matter of ____ would take the position. (1998上海)　　A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever　　［答案］ A　　［解析］ 下划线处的引导词所引导的名词性从句充当介词of的宾语, 在其引导的宾语从句内部充当的是主语(通常用who指代)而不是宾语(通常用whom指代), 而且题干中没有提供强调“任何人”的语境, 因此应填入引导词who.　　［考题7］ Could I speak to ____ is in charge of International Sales, please? (2007山东)　　A. anyone B. someone C. whoever D. no matter who　　［答案］ C　　［解析］ 下划线处引导speak to之后的宾语从句, 表示“(负责国际销售的)任何人”, 四个选项中只有whoever适合.　　［考题8］ Mary wrote an article on ____ the team had failed to win the game. (2005)　　A. why B. what C. who D. that　　［答案］ A　　［解析］ 下划线处引导的名词性从句属于介词on的宾语, 在该名词性从句中引导词充当原因状语, 所以应选A.　　［考题9］ Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. (2006)　　A. where B. when C. how D. what　　［答案］ B　　［解析］ 题干中所有句子都围绕时间展开, 因此应填入表示时间的when引导remind的直接宾语.　　［考题10］ Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. (上海2000)　　A. while B. that C. when D. as　　［答案］ B　　［解析］ 陈述客观情况的名词性从句的引导词之后是完整的陈述句, 引导词本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分, 有这样用法的引导词只能是that.本题下划线处引导了information的同位语从句(为避免头重脚轻, 本句中information的同位语从句与information之间被谓语动词部分隔开).　　［考题11］ The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed. (2004上海春)　　A. as B. which C. what D. that　　［答案］ C　　［解析］ 下划线处的引导词引导介词at的宾语从句, 该引导词在at的宾语从句中所包含的又一个宾语从句(充当think的宾语)里充当主语, 特指说话人的兄弟驾车的速度, 四个选项中只有关系代词型的引导词what具有这样的用法.注意： 本题中at的宾语从句中又包含一个宾语从句, 总共出现了两个宾语从句, 其中第二个宾语从句(I thought之后的宾语从句)的引导词that被省略了.　　［考题12］ Elephants have their own way to tell the shape of an object and ____ it is rough or smooth. (2005天津)　　A. 不填 B. whether C. how D. what　　［答案］ B　　［解析］ 题干中的or意味着下划线处需要表示“是否”的含义.　　［考题13］ ____ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships. (2006山东)　　A. No matter what B. No matter which　C. Whatever D. Whichever　　［答案］ D　　［解析］ 下划线处引导全句的主语, 因此不能选用只能引导让步状语从句的选项A、 B； 下划线处表示“任何一支(获胜的球队)”之意, 用which的相关形式更为合适, 因此进一步排除C而选出D.